However, since the magma can escape easily at the surface the volcano does not erupt violently. Unit 1: Changing Physical and Human Landscapes (3110U10-1) - Download Paper - Download Mark Scheme. There are three main responses that people can take to manage a hazard, Prediction =   Trying to find out when and where an eruption/earthquake would occur, Preparation = Getting an area is ready for an earthquake/ volcano so that it causes the least damage/death as possible. Login, This page was last updated on August 13, 2020 at 22:01. geographyalltheway uses cookies to ensure that you have the best experience on the website. Tourism: the volcanic scenery, crater lakes, hot spring and geysers attract tourists and create many job opportunities. Due to the fact that convection currents don’t always move the same way, plates can be pulled in different directions, causing four different types of plate boundaries. geographyalltheway.com is a continually evolving repository of geography teaching resources. OurAmazingPlanet.com: Infographic: How the Haiti Earthquake Happened. Volcanoes with ice near the peak, or crater lakes can cause devastating mud flows as the water mixes with loose ash. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Focus: the exact point at which the earthquake occurred- often deep in the ground. In this topic we covered the natural hazards of earthquakes and volcanoes; how they are formed, the damage they cause and how they are managed. As the process repeats a ridge is formed and this slowly gets wider as the plates continue to seperate. Home; Population; Settlement; Earthquakes and Volcanoes; Rivers; Coasts ; Weathering- Year 11 2015 ONLY; Weather & Climate; Food Production; Industry; Tourism; Energy and water; Pollution & Conservation; Field work; Maps and skills; Exam help; Development; Earthquakes and Volcanoes ” Did you know the world’s … An oceanic plate moves towards a continental plate, Oceanic plate moves under the continental plate, This is because the oceanic plate is denser, The oceanic plate melts because of the friction and heat, Because of the pressure magma forces it way up through cracks in the continental plate. 1997 – Large eruptions continued with the dome collapsing and large pyroclastic flows affecting much of the island, Effects of the volcano erupting on the island, – Ash and mud covered large areas of the island including the capital city Plymouth, -Bramble airport was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow, – South of the island declared an exclusion zone and 11,000 people were evacauted to the north of the island, neighbouring islands or the UK, – Many homes and buildings have been destroyed, – People were forced to live in emergency shelters, – Only hospital on the island was destroyed.

The outside of the planet earth is called the crust. Factors to include: preparation, emergency response, rebuilding/reconstruction. Constructive boundary volcanoes are often more gently sloped and have less violent erruptions. Convection currents in the mantle distribute the heat from the core. Volcanoes can bring environmental and socio-economic benefits. There are two main types of volcano that we learnt about. You should be able to suggest reasons for the extent of the damage. ( Log Out /  (you should write about a page in your book to answer this. very high pressure and a temperature over 5500°c. When the plates move and meet at plate boundaries they cause earthquakes and volcanoes. As the two plates move apart, magma rises to fill the gap and creates new oceanic crust and volcanoes. Gas released from volcanoes can travel down the slopes silently killing people and animals. Watch the video clip below to remind yourself of what happened! The table below shows some of the main ways we can respond to both earthquakes and volcanoes, Take gas samples and test the sulphur levels because the closer a volcano is to erupting the more sulphur it releases, Prepare emergency supplies such as food and water, Send emergency services to deal with an injuries, The image below shows some structural features of an earthquake resistant building. Volcanoes are a lot easier to predict than earthquakes because they normally give some warning signs. Earthquake strength is judged using the Richter Scale. ( Log Out /  IGCSE Cambridge Exam past year paper.

Magma rises to fill the gap and solidifies to form new crust. If you plot these lines on a map of the world it looks like the map below. Learners will examine a range of natural and man-made environments, and study some of the processes which affected their development. Earthquakes are vibrations caused by earth movements at plate boundaries. They can occur at all four major plate boundaries but the most severe earthquakes are normally found at conservative and destructive plate boundaries. An example of a constructive boundary is the. A volcano is a cone shaped hill or mountain formed by magma from the mantle being forced through an opening or vent in the Earth’s crust.

If you continue to use this site geographyalltheway will assume that you are happy with it. Convection currents in the mantle pull two plates of continental crust together. Convection currents in the mantle drag the plates apart. Look under ‘Past Examination Resources’ and filter by exam year and series. Volcanic eruptions can cause significant damage and loss of life. Skip to content. Seismic waves: these are the shockwaves that move outwards from the focus. When the current cools down more, the convection current moves back down. Caldera: Crater volcano created after volcano collapses in on itself having emptied the magma chamber. It is solid rock varying in thickness (0-60km). Change ), Welcome to Mrs’ Conrad’s help for IGCSE geography. Using Figure 2.0, describe the location of the Pacific Ring of Fire and explain why this area has this name. Fertile soils: ash and lava contain many minerals and nutrients that weather to form fertile soils which can be used very effectively for farming. This movement drags the plates in different directions and is responsible for earthquakes and volcanoes. Over millions of years the land masses that we are familiar with have moved around the planet as the tectonic plates shifted about. Describe the key facts about the damage it caused. Destructive boundary volcanoes are often cone shaped and explosive. Describe the location and cause of the earthquake. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Lava flows destroy vegetation buildings and roads. Each line along which two plates meet is called a plate boundary. Secodary vents (fumaroles) occur when magma and gases force their way through weaknesses in the main volcanic structure. There are a few exceptions to this rule, as some are found at hotspots (areas of weakness within the a plate) or on a fault line within a plate. The plates don’t stay still! Once it sinks it melts and new magma is formed that escapes to the surface as volcanoes through the continental plate, The continental plate folds into fold mountains, This causes the material between them to buckle and rise up, forming fold mountains. Why did they cause so much damage on the island? – Steep sided volcanoes which build up from the thick lava and ash. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. This creates fissure volcanoes which are long cracks, they are less explosive. © 2006-20 Richard Allaway - All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy The oceanic plate descends under the continental plate because it is denser. How do we decide how strong an earthquake is? As the oceanic plate sinks it takes some sand, water and other materia from the sea bed with it. There the temperature increases and the current rises again. Dome: steep sided volcano created by acid lava which cools before it has travelled far. 1996 – The volcano continued to erupt and became more violent causing increased damage. Destructive boundary volcanoes are often cone shaped and explosive.

( Log Out /  Earthquakes are also found at constructive boundaries. Lava, ash, cinders and smoke may be ejected from the vent. A hazard is when a dangerous situation or event happens close to people, animals or property. Everything on the site, other than the resources for IB DP Geography, is free to access. IGCSE Geography Paper 2: 0460/21 – Download Insert – Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme. Cinder volcano are almost a mix of both but made from mainly ash. 2.1 Earthquakes and volcanoes - geographyalltheway.com Register Lava flow- molten rock which can be thick, viscous and slow or fast and runny, Lahars – Mud slide caused by ash mixing with either rain water or melted ice/snow from the top of the volcano, Pyroclastic flows-  Superhot (700 degrees) flows of ash and pumice (volcanic rock) at speeds of over 500km/hr, Volcanic bombs– large chunks of solidified lava, Why do volcanoes erupt?- The causes of volcanic eruptions, Volcanoes can erupt at both Constructive plate boundaries and Destructive plate boundaries, You need to be able to explain the process that causes to volcanoes erupting at each boundary. They have been formed by the African plate colliding into the Eurasian plate. Why can hospitals outside towns add to the problems? – Found mainly at constructive boundaries or hotspots, – Runny basaltic lava which moves fast and can travel long distances from the crater. A subscription can be purchased to access the IB DP Geography materials - which are useful for teaching all 16 years+ geography courses. How well has Haiti recovered from the earthquake? Both the inner & outer core consist of iron & nickle. When we use the term management, what we really mean is making a response to try to reduce the impacts that an earthquake or a volcano will have.

– Gentle sided volcanoes which form from far flowing lava. Effects of earthquakes- A comparison of an MEDC and an LEDC earthquake, Electricity, gas and water supply interrupted. Magma chamber = the reservoir of magma located deep inside a volcano, Crater = the bowl shaped opening at the top of a volcano, Vent = the channel through the volcano which allows magma within the volcano to reach the surface, Secondary cone = an alternative route that magma may take to reach the surgace if the crater is blocked, Layers of ash and lava= these build up with each eruption and the volcano grows in size, Lava flow = the name for magma ( molten rock) once it has reached the surface, Eruption cloud= A mixture of ash, gas, rocks and steam. Make a sketch of Figure 2.1 to show the hazard map and restricted zones that are in place on Montserrat since the eruption. Go to this page BBC bitesize. They are what causes the shaking, * Two plates are trying to move past each other, * Pressure builds as the plates continue to try to move, * Pressure is finally released and the plates move suddenly (jolt), * This sends shockwaves through the crust from the focus, * Shockwaves are felt most strongly at the epicentre on the surface. This is decided using an instrument called a seisometer. Describe why older building tend to suffer more damage in earthquakes than newer ones. It travels under the plates and pulls them with it.

Volcano case study - Mount Etna (2002-2003), Italy, Volcano case study - Mount Nyiragongo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Volcanic hazard management - Mount Rainier, USA, Earthquake case study - Chuetsu Offshore Earthquake - 2007. June 2017 CIE IGCSE Geography Past Papers. Explain why a volcano erupts at a destructive plate boundary (7m), The effects of volcanic eruptions: Montserrat island- Chances Peak, Montserrat island is located in the Caribbean sea and is on the plate boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates, 1995 – The volcano erupts after being dormant for 500 yrs IGCSE Geography 0460 About IGCSE Geography Syllabus Through the Cambridge IGCSE Geography syllabus, learners will develop a ‘sense of place’ by looking at the world around them on a local, regional and global scale. Fissure: volcanoes running along a crack in the crust, usually a constructive boundary. There are two types; oceanic and continental, The Mantle is the widest section (2900km) made of thick molten rocks called magma, The outer core is liquid nickel and iron. IGCSE Geography Paper 1: 0460/11 – Download Insert – Download Paper – Download Mark Scheme. Please follow geographyalltheway.com on social media - to ensure you get news of updates and developments.